MJ

歐巴馬宣布 結束阿富汗戰爭

Israeli forces fire at 'Naksa' protesters

source: Al Jazeera and agencies
http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/06/20116591150521659.html



Syrian state media says at least 23 people have been killed and 350 more wounded after Israeli forces opened fire along the frontier to disperse pro-Palestinian demonstrators attempting to enter the Israel-occupied portion of the Golan Heights.

The official SANA news agency quoted Wel al-Halki, the country's health minister, as saying the dead included a woman and a 12-year-old boy.

The reported deaths occurred as the protesters marching from the Golan Heights approached the Israel-occupied area on Sunday. The day is observed as "Naksa Day" or "Day of Defeat" by many, marking the 44th anniversary of the 1967 war, when Israel occupied the area.

"Anyone who tries to cross the border will be killed," Israeli soldiers reportedly shouted through loudspeakers at the crowd of several hundreds.

Protesters waved Palestinian flags and threw rocks and rubbish over the fence.

Protesters, most of them young men, eventually managed to cut through coils of barbed wire marking the frontier, entering a buffer zone and crawling towards a second fence guarded by Israeli troops.

A Reuters correspondent at the scene saw at least 11 demonstrators carried away on stretchers by the crowd.

"We were trying to cut the barbed wire when the Israeli soldiers began shooting directly at us," Ghayath Awad, a 29-year-old Palestinian who had been shot in the waist, told the AP news agency.

US 'deeply troubled'

Sunday's protests were designed to draw attention to the plight of Palestinian refugees who fled or were expelled from their homes during Israel's war of independence in 1948.

Now, around half a million Palestinian refugees live across 13 camps in Syria.

The US state department expressed its concern over the clashes, saying: "We are deeply troubled by events that took place earlier today in the Golan Heights resulting in injuries and the loss of life.

"We call for all sides to exercise restraint. Provocative actions like this should be avoided."

The US statement emphasised that "Israel, like any sovereign nation, has a right to defend itself".

Meanwhile in the occupied West Bank, skirmishes broke out at the main crossing into Jerusalem as several hundred Palestinian young people tried to approach the checkpoint.

Reacting to Sunday's incidents, Mustafa Barghouthi, an independent Palestinian politician, told Al Jazeera: "What we saw in the Golan Heights, and in front of the checkpoint to Jerusalem, were peaceful Palestinian demonstrators demanding their freedom and the end of occupation, which has become the longest in modern history.

"And they were encountered by terrible violence from Israel. They have used gunshots, tear gas, sound bombs and canisters emanating dangerous chemicals against demonstrators.

"They also beat us. I was one of those who was beaten today by the Israel soldiers today while we were peacefully trying to reach the checkpoint to Jerusalem."

Israeli account

Israel has accused Syrian President Bashar al-Assad of permitting the Golan protests to try to divert international attention from his bloody suppression of the popular revolt against his authoritarian rule.

Giving Israel's version of the events, Avital Leibovich, the Israeli army's spokesman, told Al Jazeera: "We [the military] saw near 12 noon an angry mob of a few hundreds of Syrians trying to reach the border fence between Israel and Syria.

"We did three steps. We first warned them verbally, we told them not to get close to the fence in order for them not to endanger their lives.

"When this failed, we fired warning shots into the air. When this failed, we had to open fire selectively at their feet in order to prevent an escalation."

The Israeli military also accused the Syrian government of instigating the protests to deflect attention from its crackdown of a popular uprising at home.

"This is an attempt to divert international attention from the bloodbath going on in Syria,'' Leibovich said.

Israel had vowed to prevent a repeat of a similar demonstration last month, in which hundreds of people burst across the border into the Golan Heights.

More than a dozen people were killed in that unrest, in which protesters had gathered to mark the 63rd anniversary of the "Nakba", to mark the expulsion of an estimated 700,000 Palestinians following Israel's 1948 declaration of statehood.

The teenage miners of Bolivia

Source: Al Jazeera
http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/witness/2011/05/2011531111512141102.html



Jorge Mollinedo and Alex Choque are best friends. They have worked together in the tin mines of Bolivia, hammering out a living from the underground rock.

They are now teenagers and looking for a way out of their desperate poverty and lives blighted by silicosis and ill health caused by mining. Jorge sees the military as a way to change his life and his country. But Alex's plight keeps him tied to the mines.

This is the third time that Witness has filmed with these two, the original Child Miners, over several years. Teenage Miners is a poignant look at the lives of two young people fighting the cycle of poverty as they grow up into young men.

Here, filmmaker Rodrigo Vazquez writes about turning the idea of filming two child miners as they grow older into a reality.

Jorge Mollinedo, the main character in the award-winning film Child Miners, is now 15 years old and has become an energetic teenager determined to have a better life than his father, who has been a miner all his life and has contracted silicosis, the 'miners' disease' that kills thousands of people every year.

Thanks to the possibilities opened up by Evo Morales' government in the mining areas, "leadership courses" have been set up in Huanuni, Jorge's town. Jorge has begun attending these classes because he says that he would like to become a "leader of the poor" and to "raise awareness about the need to stop child labour".





The use of this kind of vocabulary by Jorge would have been impossible when we started filming, six years ago. Back then, he was articulate but did not realise that he was caught in a deadly cycle of poverty, forced labour and sickness that kills miners before they reach 40.

Making the film has been a blessing for all of us. I have learnt from Jorge and Alex what is like to have no idea of future. To be in their shoes for a moment has strengthened my resolve to combat child labour, poverty and social exclusion through cinema, and has increased a feeling that made me start making this film in the first place - one that makes me relate to the injustices committed in the world as if they were being committed against me. This experience has increased my awareness of the need for social change and the need to protect the environment against extractive industries such as open-pit mining.

Jorge and Alex have, through the simple experience of watching the films we have made together, become aware of their own lives from the outside, have been able to observe themselves and contextualise their plight. Now they know that their situation is not normal, that poverty is not a natural state for human beings, that child labour is wrong and that it could kill them in a short time.

Although Alex has not quite quit working in the mine, Jorge has - in no small part thanks to donations sent by Al Jazeera viewers that have managed to fund the kids' education at crucial times.





Thanks to this process of increasing self-awareness, Jorge has decided to become involved in politics somehow. So every Friday, Jorge gathers groups of child miners to talk about the need to get out of the mines and sings a bit of hip-hop with mine-related lyrics that he has written.

In this film, Jorge is finishing the compulsory military service and visiting Alex in the mining town. Alex, who is now 12, is not doing so well. Alex's mother forces him to work in the mine and Jorge is trying to make her understand that this could kill Alex. At the same time, Jorge is trying to get Alex to go to school regularly to finally learn how to read and write properly. In addition, Jorge has decided to find work in Bolivia's capital La Paz and wants to be trained to work on television, as his desire is to shed light on social issues such as child labour.

We will continue filming Jorge and Alex next year. Jorge is slowly becoming a responsible adult and is an example of willpower to transcend one's own circumstances. Alex's plight to quit mining is worth following as his life is at stake.

Ten years on, young Afghans still lack basics

source: Al jazeera
http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/05/201151113246797936.html

Earlier this year, Afghan president Hamid Karzai signed an agreement with the United Nations to curb the recruitment of underage children in the Afghan police force. The agreement comes after the UN placed Afghanistan's National Police on a blacklist of organisations that recruit children. Also included in the agreement is a ban on a 3,000-year-old Central Asian paedophiliac practise known as bacha bazi - the practise highlighted in Khaled Hosseini's controversial novel The Kite Runner - using pre-pubescent boys to "entertain" local elders through dance, and at times, sexual acts.

The Karzai administration lauds the agreement as an example of its commitment to the millions of Afghan children. But youth advocates in the country argue that the problems facing many Afghan youth go far beyond the belated actions of the government.

"The government is doing nothing of its own," says research analyst at the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies in Kabul, Abdulhadi Hairan. "It has only been doing things that it has been told by the international community," he says.

Hairan is one of many international aid workers, young Afghans, journalists, and policy makers, who in a series of interviews, paint a much more grim picture of government actions that over the last 10 years have fallen short of addressing the central issues - poverty, access to education, lack of opportunity, and exploitation - that face 68 per cent of the Afghan population.

Third time's the charm?

Fatima Popal is a Georgetown University graduate student and a restaurateur. In recent years, she has made several trips to Afghanistan and volunteered as a girls' basketball coach in orphanages in the capital, Kabul. Her experiences depict a nation where, despite 10 years of international presence and hundreds of millions of dollars spent, the largest segment of the population - the youth - still lack such basic necessities such as food, water and housing.

Popal says the orphanages she worked in had no housing facilities; the street children - who according to the UN estimates make up between 60,000 to 70,000 of the four million people in Kabul - used the facilities during the day and returned to the streets at night.

She recalls that the orphanages could not provide nutritious meals for the children, noting "bread vendors around the area would give day-old bread to the orphanages," who would then serve it with tea for lunch. Even in a nation where, according to UNICEF, half of all children under 5 suffer from malnutrition, Popal points out that these meagre meals were "not really nutritious".

"We were coaching basketball on gravel and the basketball hoops were not hoops; it was almost as if they were coat hangers made into hoops," says Popal, noting that the girls did not even have sneakers to play in.

Yousef Mohamed, founder of the Aschiana Foundation, which has operated a number of youth education and vocational centres in Afghanistan since 1995, says organisations like his are struggling due to a lack of funds. Mohamed believes the financial problem is exacerbated by the government's over-reliance on non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to address the fundamental problems plaguing young Afghans.

Mohamed contrasts this surge of NGOs with the Taliban era when, "we had a lot of activity for women and children because no one wanted to put themselves in danger" by doing such work. Mohamed attributes this fact with having made it "easier then to do the work" of the Aschiana Foundation.

Today, Mohamed says there are more NGOs, thus "it's not easy to find a budget for real programmes for the best interest of the children, with more people looking for visibility and thinking very short-term - that if we build this building, then we are done."

Mohamed says his organisation's centres receive greater support from the community than from the government. Speaking of the community's role in the success of the Aschiana Foundation, which has mentored more than 50,000 children and young adults since 1998, Mohamed says, "They see the impact of the programme with their eyes. They see how much it changes the life of the children and needy people."

I haven't seen anything

For 23 year-old Bates College student Mustafa Basij-Rasikh, who spent his entire life in Kabul before coming to the United States in 2006, Mohamed's statements about the lack of government presence in the community rings true.

Basij-Rasikh says even in the capital, "You don't really see the presence of the Ministry of Youth at the community level." The Ministry of Youth has been so reduced in its role that "the people would not know that this person works for the youth," adds Basij-Rasikh.

The oft-repeated statements by the government and the international community on how many girls have returned to school do not impress organisations like Human Rights Watch, who find the figure of three million school-aged girls currently attending school much less encouraging.

Advocacy Director for the Children's Rights Division of Human Rights Watch, Jo Becker, also says there has been some progress in terms of access to education for Afghan youth, yet "it hasn't been as good as often portrayed in the media". According to Oxfam, though the six million school-aged children currently enrolled represent a five-fold increase from 2001, that number represents only half of the total school-aged children in the nation.

In response to what the Karzai government is doing to empower the girls, Popal said they often felt they couldn't endure the physical stresses of athletics because they hadn't eaten anything. This is a startling fact from a nation that was historically food self-sufficient.

"I haven't seen anything. I haven't seen any kind of funding that goes into programmes that helps girls in sports," Popal says pointing to the empowering role of non-profit organisations, like Skateistan, that have taken the place of the government.

For Popal, the lack of progress made in empowering girls and women in Afghanistan is embodied in a recent USAID decision to re-direct funding of women's initiatives in Afghanistan. In a Washington Post interview, Alexander Thier, director of USAID's office of Afghanistan and Pakistan Affairs, said, "If you're targeting an issue, you need to target it in a way you can achieve those objectives." Referring to this interview, Popal says the re-direction of funds is simply "because they're not effective, in most of these programs the money is going to projects that cannot manoeuvre or sustain over time."

Ahmad Shuja, a 23 year-old Berea College student and blogger, spent six years in war-torn Afghanistan before becoming one of the 1.78 million Afghan refugees in neighbouring Pakistan, where he lived for 13 years until he came to the United States to study political science and economics.

As one of the 68 per cent of Afghans under 25, Shuja says his story is indicative of the lengths youth in Afghanistan will go to in search of opportunity. "There are very few opportunities for the large youth bulge," says Shuja. Using many of his own friends as examples, Shuja says "it speaks volumes about what the government has done to create opportunities within Afghanistan when a teenager risks his life by travelling from Iran to Turkey, boating his way to Greece, smuggling himself into Italy and, ultimately, to France or one of the Nordic countries," in search of opportunity.

You're Afghan, you're young, you have this potential

To Shuja, his entire generation of Afghan youth who "were simply too young to have fought in the civil wars", are one of the nation's greatest untapped assets. Many of the youth who make up the majority of Afghanistan's population were "uninvolved in the atrocities and killings" that followed the Soviet ouster in 1989. This generational gap from the warlords and political establishment means these young Afghans "can legitimately spearhead a national healing and reconciliation process," says Shuja.

Seeing this potential for youth-led change in Afghanistan, Basij-Rasikh, and 21 year-old Williams College student, Matiullah Amin started the Afghan Youth Initiative in May 2010, a youth empowerment based project.

"It's time to realise the promise of the next generation because it's 68 per cent of the population and we want this generation to be strong and run its own country without anyone else's help," Amin says.

Basij-Rasikh says what the millions of Afghans under the age of 25 need is someone to tell them "you're Afghan, you're young, you have this potential. Now get up and do something" for your country.

For Basij-Rasikh and Amin, the disempowerment of the youth of Afghanistan is a product of the on-going conflict. Amin says often times "the youth are put in the corner because the older generation says 'you are young, you don't have enough experience. Let us solve the communal problems'." Given this fact, Basij-Rasikh says it is especially important that as two young Afghans who grew up in conflict themselves, that they be the ones to tell other young people of Afghanistan "that people can bring change on a very small scale" regardless of their position in society or their place in the political structure.

This direct engagement of the youth has lead the Afghan Youth Initiative to address the very practical problem of hygiene, by partnering with the youth of the Western province of Farah to place 35 trash receptacles in the provincial capital, Farah City.

Though these young Afghans may have been too young to remember Afghanistan's moves towards democracy in the 1960s and 70s before the Soviet occupation, they are well aware of the current political situation in their nation.

"They have to be - the daily grind of politics affects the people more directly in less developed countries than it does in developed countries," says Shuja. He uses the bribery that has become a "common practise in all levels of government bureaucracy" as an example of the political problems facing the Afghan youth. To Shuja, unlike Western youth where "for example, government services are interrupted only when there is a labour strike," being apolitical is not an option in a nation where the youth are the majority but are routinely silenced by a political environment that makes it "very difficult for the youth to become engaged in politics in any systematic way," says Shuja. Amin says much of this interest in politics can also be attributed to the expanding media environment in the nation.

Basij-Rasikh says he was heartened to see a clear sign of increasing youth political engagement when he was in Kabul during the 2010 Parliamentary elections. "I was very shocked not to see the old faces with the long beards," says Basij-Rasikh recalling the many images of people closer to his own age running for parliament, which Amin points out was in stark contrast to "the 2005 Afghan Parliament full of the older generation".

Class, power and advancement

The bacha bazi provisions in the January agreement highlight another important issue affecting young Afghans - exploitation. "Bacha bazi, in many instances, is ingrained in the local power structures," says Shuja. Though the practise dates back centuries and spans several Central Asian nations, Shuja says, bacha bazi, like all things in Afghanistan over the last three decades, has to do with access to opportunities and advancement.

For Shuja, the exploitative practise is as much about class and power as it is tradition.

"A poor farmer struggling to feed his family won't indulge in such practises; it is the wealthy and the powerful that do," says Shuja.

Though they feel "the class structure dismantled over the course of the last 30 years", Basij-Rasikh and Amin do see the lack of opportunities as a possible factor in the practise.

In a society "where you have young children not going to school and then you have the older 20-plus just sitting around," the youth are more susceptible to fall victim to predatory practises like bacha bazi and child recruitment on either side of the nation's on-going conflict, says Amin.

Despite the many challenges facing Afghan youth today, Popal, who has lived in Europe and the United States since her family fled the Russian occupation, says the youth of Afghanistan embody an enthusiasm for life she has not seen even in Western children who have everything.

These children "have absolutely nothing, but they're some of the happiest children because they are alive and breathing," says Popal of the smiles that she credits with constantly pulling her back to Afghanistan.

"Giving them a hand puts a big smile on their face," Popal says, recalling her experience with a street kid who became her helper in her time as a basketball coach.

"No one liked him around because he was dirty and always wore the same clothes," but Popal employed him "as my little helper" and paid him a dollar a day for chasing basketballs around. It was on her final day with that 8 year-old little boy that Popal realised the importance of showing these Afghan youth even a little attention. "I gave him a hundred dollar bill and he came back to me and said 'I didn't help you for money, I helped you because you were kind to me'," as he returned her hundred dollars to her.

The story of Popal's "little helper" is proof of a 2007 statement by United Nations Afghanistan spokesman Aleem Siddique that the problems facing the Afghan youth is not "solely related to money" and that the youth need "more than just aid money". This, despite the fact that USAID spent $342 million in Afghan education projects in the period between 2002 and 2007.

When the boy returned her 100 dollars to her, Popal says she was shocked because "this is a little street kid that need[ed] a hundred bucks right now". Yet, reminded that "all these little kids were running around with such enthusiasm", she and her colleagues decided to take a proactive approach to the one of the most troubling and utilitarian issues they faced on a daily basis: "We took our money and bought them 150 pairs of shoes."

France presents plan to relaunch Israeli-Palestinian peace talks

source: WAFA
http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=16328

RAMALLAH, June 2, 2011 (WAFA) - French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe Thursday expressed hope that a new French plan to revive the peace process before September would be accepted by both Palestinians and Israelis.

He said that Paris plans to hold an international peace conference in late June or early July to revive the peace process if the protagonists accept the French plan.

Juppe, speaking at a press conference in Ramallah after meeting Prime Minister Salam Fayyad, said that the French plan is based on US President Barack Obama’s proposal of resuming Palestinian-Israeli negotiations on the bases of the 1967 borders with agreed land swap.

The French official had presented the plan to President Mahmoud Abbas on Wednesday in Rome.

Juppe said that in addition to basing the negotiations on the 1967 borders with land swap, it also calls for security for Israel and Palestine, and that the issues of Jerusalem and refugees would be resolved within one year.

Fayyad said that a proposed economic conference planned in Paris for later this month could be expanded to also include political issues, which has been a Palestinian demand.

The Paris economic conference, which is “a Palestinian interest,” said Fayyad, “can also have very clear political dimensions that should lead to an end to occupation.”

France has called for a conference to be held in Paris to discuss aid to the Palestinian Authority for its 2011-2013 development plan. The Paris II economic conference, as it has been called, may be expanded to become an international peace conference if the French plan gets accepted.

Juppe said he would discuss his plan with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu when he meets him later Thursday in Jerusalem.

He said he expects both sides to give answers to the French plan within days, not six months, because “we are convinced that if nothing happens between now and September, the situation will be difficult for everyone.”

The Palestinian Authority is going to ask the United Nations in September to recognize its 1967 borders and accept it as a full member.

Juppe said the French position regarding this issue is that “if nothing happens between now and September, France would act according to its responsibilities,” adding that “all options are open.”

Juppe welcomed the Palestinian reconciliation between Fatah and Hamas, describing it as “good news.”

He said, however, that it should be agreed that what this would lead to is two states for two people.


France presents plan to relaunch Israeli-Palestinian peace talks

source: Haaretz
http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/france-presents-plan-to-relaunch-israeli-palestinian-peace-talks-1.365538

French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe presented a peace plan to the Palestinian Authority Thursday during a visit to Ramallah, meant to revive stalled talks between Israel and the Palestinians.

The peace plan, Juppe said, is largely based on U.S. President Barack Obama's speech last month, which called for a resumption of Palestinian-Israeli negotiations based on 1967 borders with agreed land swaps.

However, while Obama focused on guaranteeing Israel's security, the French initiative is concerned with "security for the two states (Israel and Palestine)," Juppe told a news conference with Prime Minister Salam Fayyad in the central West Bank city.

The plan had already been shown to President Mahmoud Abbas in Rome Wednesday.

The French initiative sets a one-year deadline for resolving the issues of Jerusalem and refugees, which Obama referred to without time-lines.

Juppe said he did not expect the Palestinians to respond to his proposal immediately, adding that he was scheduled to meet later Thursday with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem to present the French plan to the prime minister as well.

"The situation here cannot continue," he said. "We are convinced that if nothing happens between now and September, the situation will be difficult for everyone," he said.

Juppe was referring to Palestinian plans to address the United Nations in September, asking for full membership in the UN as a state with recognized borders.

He did not specify whether France would support the proposed UN resolution, reiterating the French position, as stated by President Nicolas Sarkozy, that "if nothing happens between now and September, France would act according to its responsibilities, adding "all options are open."

Juppe said he hopes the French plan, which he claims has European Union and U.S. backing, will receive further credibility during a proposed international peace conference France wants to host in late June or early July.

The conference would be an expansion of a planned economic conference, also referred to as Paris II. France wants to host the economic conference in June in order to enlist aid for the Palestinian Authority for the next three years, according to Fayyad.

The Paris II conference "is primarily a Palestinian interest," said Fayyad in response to a question if the PA would accept an invitation to the proposed international peace conference.

"We also want it to have very clear political dimensions that would lead to the one thing we all want, and that is an end to the Israeli occupation and the establishment of the independent Palestinian state on the 1967 borders," the Palestinian prime minister said.

Juppe said he expected Palestinians and Israelis to take time to discuss the French peace plan before responding to it.

Official Palestinian sources told the German Press-Agency DPA that Abbas told Juppe after the Rome meeting he will convene with the Palestinian leadership to discuss the plan before he gives his final answer.